Dalam bekerja
Artikel utama: Kesehatan dan keselamatan kerja
Selain risiko keselamatan, banyak pekerjaan juga berisiko memunculkan penyakit dan masalah kesehatan jangka panjang lainnya. Contoh penyakit akibat pekerjaan yang paling umum adalah berbagai bentuk pneumokoniosis, seperti silikosis dan pneumokoniosis pekerja batu bara (penyakit paru-paru hitam). Asma adalah penyakit pernapasan lain yang rentan dialami pekerja. Pekerja juga rentan terhadap penyakit kulit, termasuk eksim, dermatitis, urtikaria, bakaran matahari, dan kanker kulit.[40] Penyakit terkait pekerjaan lainnya misalnya sindrom lorong karpal dan keracunan timbal.
Karena jumlah pekerjaan di sektor jasa di negara-negara maju semakin banyak, gaya hidup kurang bergerak juga semakin meluas. Hal ini menghadirkan masalah kesehatan yang berbeda dibandingkan dengan masalah kesehatan pada industri manufaktur dan sektor primer. Masalah kontemporer, seperti meningkatnya tingkat obesitas dan masalah yang berkaitan dengan stres dan pekerjaan berlebih di banyak negara, semakin mempersulit interaksi antara pekerjaan dan kesehatan.
Banyak pemerintah negara yang memandang kesehatan kerja sebagai tantangan sosial dan membentuk organisasi publik untuk memastikan kesehatan dan keselamatan pekerja. Di Britania Raya, Eksekutif Kesehatan dan Keselamatan dibentuk.[41] Sementara di Amerika Serikat, Institut Nasional untuk Kesehatan dan Keselamatan Kerja melakukan penelitian tentang kesehatan dan keselamatan kerja, sedangkan Administrasi Kesehatan dan Keselamatan Kerja menangani regulasi dan kebijakan yang berkaitan dengan kesehatan dan keselamatan bagi pekerja.[42][43]
Referensi
Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (2020). “Constitution of the World Health Organization”. Basic Documents (PDF) (edisi ke-49). Jenewa: Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia. hlm. 1. ISBN 978-92-4-000051-3.
“Definitions of Health”. AFMC. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 12 Agustus 2016.
Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (1958). The First ten years of the World Health Organization. Jenewa: Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia. hlm. 459. ISBN 9241560142. “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”.
Stokes, Joseph; Noren, Jay; Shindell, Sidney (1982). “Definition of terms and concepts applicable to clinical preventive medicine”. Journal of Community Health. 8 (1): 33–41. doi:10.1007/BF01324395. ISSN 0094-5145. A state characterized by anatomic integrity; ability to perform personally valued family, work, and community roles; ability to deal with physical, biological and social stress; a feeling of well-being; and freedom from the risk of disease and untimely death.
Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (1984). Health Promotion: A Discussion Document on the Concept and Principles: Summary Report of the Working Group on Concept and Principles of Health Promotion, Copenhagen, 9–13 July 1984. Kopenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe. Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health. To reach a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, an individual or group must be able to identify and to realize aspirations, to satisfy needs, and to change or cope with the environment. Health is, therefore, seen as a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living.
Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia. “The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion”. WHO. Diakses tanggal 22 Juni 2020.
Jadad, Alejandro R. (November 2016). “Creating a pandemic of health: What is the role of digital technologies?”. Journal of Public Health Policy. 37 (S2): 260–268. doi:10.1057/s41271-016-0016-1. ISSN 0197-5897.
Kotha, S.R.; Jadad, A.R.; Hu, H. (2015). “Creating a Pandemic of Health: Opportunities and Lessons for a University Initiative at the Intersection of Health, Equity, and Innovation”. Harvard Public Health Review: A Student Publication. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-03-07. Diakses tanggal 22 Juni 2020.
Jadad, A.R. (2013). “On Living a Long, Healthy, and Happy Life, Full of Love, and with no Regrets, until Our Last Breath”. Verhaltenstherapie. 23 (4): 287–289. doi:10.1159/000357490. ISSN 1423-0402.
“Determinants of health”. World Health Organization. Diakses tanggal 5 Januari 2023.
Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia. “Social Determinants of Health”. WHO. Diakses tanggal 22 Juni 2020.
Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia. “About Social Determinants of Health”. WHO. Diakses tanggal 23 Juni 2020.
“Social Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities”. Government of Canada. Diakses tanggal 22 Juni 2020.
Lalonde, Marc (1981). A New Perspective on the Health of Canadians: A Working Document (PDF). Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada. ISBN 0-662-50019-9.
Andreyeva, Tatiana; Chaloupka, Frank J.; Brownell, Kelly D. (Juni 2011). “Estimating the Potential of Taxes on Sugar-sweetened Beverages to Reduce Consumption and Generate Revenue”. Preventive Medicine. 52 (6): 413–416. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.03.013.
Wingard, Deborah L.; Berkman, Lisa F.; Brand, Richard J. (November 1982). “A Multivariate Analysis of Health-Related Practices”. American Journal of Epidemiology. 116 (5): 765–775. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113466. ISSN 1476-6256.
Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (23 November 2018). “WHO Housing and health guidelines”. WHO. Diakses tanggal 23 Juni 2020.
Bjork, J; Albin, M; Grahn, P; Jacobsson, H; Ardo, J; Wadbro, J; Ostergren, P-O; Skarback, E (1 April 2008). “Recreational values of the natural environment in relation to neighbourhood satisfaction, physical activity, obesity and wellbeing”. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. 62 (4): e2–e2. doi:10.1136/jech.2007.062414. ISSN 0143-005X.
White, Mathew P.; Alcock, Ian; Grellier, James; Wheeler, Benedict W.; Hartig, Terry; Warber, Sara L.; Bone, Angie; Depledge, Michael H.; Fleming, Lora E. (Desember 2019). “Spending at least 120 minutes a week in nature is associated with good health and wellbeing”. Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 7730. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-44097-3. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6565732 alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 31197192.
Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Assessing Interactions Among Social, Behavioral, and Genetic Factors in Health (2006). “3. Genetics and Health”. Dalam Hernandez, L.M.; Blazer, D.G. Genes, Behavior, and the Social Environment: Moving Beyond the Nature/Nurture Debate. Washington DC: National Academies Press.
Rajan, Tm; Menon, V (2017). “Psychiatric disorders and obesity: A review of association studies”. Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 63 (3): 182. doi:10.4103/jpgm.JPGM_712_16. ISSN 0022-3859. PMC 5525483 alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 28695871.
Beaglehole, Robert; Bonita, Ruth (Desember 2010). “What is global health?”. Global Health Action. 3 (1): 5142. doi:10.3402/gha.v3i0.5142. ISSN 1654-9716. PMC 2852240 alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 20386617.
Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia. “World Health Report”. WHO. Diakses tanggal 22 Juni 2020.
“Global Health Security Agenda”. Global Health Security Agenda. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-03-31. Diakses tanggal 24 Juni 2020.
“About the Sustainable Development Goals”. United Nations Sustainable Development. Diakses tanggal 24 Juni 2020.
Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (2004). Promoting Mental Health: Summary Report (PDF). Jenewa: Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia. hlm. 12. ISBN 9241591595.
“Mental health: strengthening our response”. WHO. 30 Maret 2018. Diakses tanggal 24 Juni 2020.
“Mental disorders: Key facts”. WHO. 28 November 2019. Diakses tanggal 24 Juni 2020.
“Mental disorders affect one in four people”. WHO. 4 Oktober 2001. Diakses tanggal 24 Juni 2020.
“Nutrients”. WHO. Diakses tanggal 19 Juli 2020.
“Healthy Eating”. New South Wales Government. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 27 Februari 2014.
Garrido M; González-Flores D; Marchena AM; Propr E; García-Parra J; Barriga C; Rodríguez A.B. (2013). “A lycopene-enriched virgin olive oil enhances antioxidant status in humans”. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 93 (8): 1820–26. doi:10.1002/jsfa.5972. PMID 23225211.
“Four Types of Exercise Can Improve Your Health and Physical Ability”. National Institutes of Health. Diakses tanggal 19 Juli 2020.
Hirshkowitz, Max; Whiton, Kaitlyn; et al. (14 January 2015). “National Sleep Foundation’s sleep time duration recommendations: methodology and results summary”. Sleep Health. 1 (1): 40–43. doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2014.12.010. PMID 29073412. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 14 November 2017. Diakses tanggal 4 February 2015.
Pilkington, Stephanie (7 Agustus 2013). “Causes and consequences of sleep deprivation in hospitalised patients”. Nursing Standard. 27 (49): 35–42. doi:10.7748/ns2013.08.27.49.35.e7649. ISSN 0029-6570.
Rea, Shilo (31 Agustus 2015). “New Research Confirms Lack of Sleep Connected To Getting Sick – News – Carnegie Mellon University”. Carnegie Mellon University. Diakses tanggal 19 Juli 2020.
Patel, Sanjay R.; Hu, Frank B. (2008). “Short Sleep Duration and Weight Gain: A Systematic Review”. Obesity. 16 (3): 643–653. doi:10.1038/oby.2007.118. ISSN 1930-739X. PMC 2723045 alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 18239586.
“IARC Monographs Programme finds cancer hazards associated with shiftwork, painting and firefighting”. International Agency for Research on Cancer. 5 Desember 2007. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 21 Juli 2011.
Hirshkowitz, Max; Whiton, Kaitlyn; Albert, Steven M.; Alessi, Cathy; Bruni, Oliviero; DonCarlos, Lydia; Hazen, Nancy; Herman, John; Katz, Eliot S. (Maret 2015). “National Sleep Foundation’s sleep time duration recommendations: methodology and results summary”. Sleep Health. 1 (1): 40–43. doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2014.12.010.
“Skin Exposures and Effects”. CDC. Diakses tanggal 5 Juli 2020.
“HSE: Information about health and safety at work”. HSE. Diakses tanggal 5 Juli 2020.
“The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)”. CDC. Diakses tanggal 5 Juli 2020.
“Occupational Safety and Health Administration”. OSHA. Diakses tanggal 5 Juli 2020.